Introduction
According to Muhammad Quraish Shihab, commentary ilmi or
scientific commentary is to interpret the verses of the Koran in accordance
with science or new findings. However Q.Shihab gave signs that the relationship
of the Koran is not judged by how many branches of science are knotted in it or
to show the truth of scientific theories, but the discussion should be placed
in a more appropriate proportion of purity and the sanctity of the Koran, and
also in accordance with the logic of science itself.
In the world of Islam, Imam Al-Ghazali (d. 505 H) is
believed to be a pioneer or foundation stone of scientific interpretation
theoretically. Al-Ghazali argued that every word in the Qur'an has Zahir and
inner meaning, and the meaning of explicit and implicit. In his magnum opus,
Ihya 'Ulumuddin, citing the opinion of Ibn Mas'ud, Al-Ghazali said that anyone
who wants to have a knowledge of the past and modern knowledge, he should reflect
on verses of the Koran. It re-emphasized again in his other works, namely
Jawahir Koran. Al-Ghazali said that the principles of which have been mentioned
or not mentioned not beyond Koran because it all comes from the ocean makrifat
Allah.
When Al-Gazali, known as the stone of the commentaries ilmi
theoretically, Fahrur Ar-Razi was the first to apply science patterned
scientists and thought to understand the verses of the Koran. This can be seen
in his book Al-Ghaib Mafatih or also popularly Tafsir Al-Kabir. Then, ilmi
interpretation developed by subsequent commentators, such as Muhammad 'Abduh,
Muhammad Jamaluddin Al-Qasimi, Mahmud Syukri Al-Alusi, Thantawi Jauhari, and
others. They called recently referred to as commentators in the modern era.
Scientific Opinion of Ulama of Tafsir are at least three main groups with regard to the interpretation ilmi
First,
a group that supports the existence of interpretation ilmi. Secondly, the group
refused. Third, the moderates were trying to find a middle ground between the
two groups which are diametrically contradicts the above. The group supports
the interpretation ilmi ilmi reasoned that interpretation is a historical
inevitability and a part of efforts to articulate the Koran with actuality, the
context, and as a response to the times that are constantly moving. Birth ilmi
interpretation is reasonable dynamics in the body of Muslims. The existence
ilmi interpretation can open the veils of meaning that has not been revealed
and even in some cases may revise the views or interpretations, which in
essence is contrary to the vision and paradigm of the Koran itself.
Moreover, the central practices of Islam is directly related
to science and technology, such as prayer requires geography and astronomy,
which requires a fast determination of the science of astronomy, and so forth.
The first group is supported by Imam Al-Ghazali. According to Al-Ghazali, all
branches of knowledge contained in the Qur'an, both of which have been
disclosed and undisclosed. The group is basing his opinion on a verse of the
Qur'an that Allah SWT. have explained everything in the Book, and Allah. bring
down the Book to explain everything, guidance, mercy and glad tidings to those
who surrender.
The first group gives a different appreciation of the
application of the interpretation limi. Nobody explains the Qur'an with science
and technology owned by the commentators, or function tabyin. Anyone wishing to
prove the truth of the text of the Koran according to cutting-edge science, or
function I'jaz. It is a member of stimulant to the Muslims and scientists in
researching and observation science through the texts of the Koran. Finally,
the function istikhraj al-'ilm or ta'ziz, the verses of the Koran to give birth
and reinforces the theories of cutting-edge science.
Meanwhile, Imam Abu Ishak Ibrahim ibn Musa Al-Syatibi
Al-Andalusi (d. 790 AD) is touted as the challenging use ilmi interpretation of
the verses of the Koran. According to Al-Syatibi, that all the companions of
the Prophet is more aware of the Koran and nothing contained in it, but none of
those who claim that the Koran includes all branches of science. In fact,
according to this second group, legible impression ilmi coercive application of
the interpretation of the verses of the Koran. This second group rejected the
application ilmi interpretation of the Koran because the Koran is not a book of
science, it is the book of guidance, for reconciliation, and tasyri '.
While the third group, moderate group, take the middle
ground between the two poles Ghazalian and Syatibian above. For this group,
Al-Ghazali's opinion stating that the Qur'an contains everything, is the
argument that is overstated. Because, despite the knowledge of God is believed
to be limited, the question is whether science has poured his God in the
Qur'an? Does every word concerning discipline is full of evidence of the
discipline in the Qur'an?
For the group of Al-Syatibi criticism directed pendulum,
that Muslims who live in this day and age it is impossible to understand the
Qur'an as an understanding friend and those who passed. Meanwhile, on the other
hand, al-Qur'an commands all Muslims but understand his thoughts and debasing
those who just follow the opinion of parents or ancestors. Abbas Mahmud Aqqad
is one that can be included in this third category.
According to this third group, ilmi interpretation can be
accepted and applied to the verses of the Koran with a record of exegetes meet
the following three requirements. First, the interpretation in line with the
rules of language. Caused Qur'an was revealed in Arabic, then when interpreting
scientific passages, the commentator should be familiar with the rules of the
Arabic language. In addition to understanding the science I'rab, parrots,
Ma'ani, and badi ', in accordance with the rules in the books of commentaries
and dictionaries, a commentator should also pay attention and consider the
development of the meaning of a word.
Second, pay attention to the correlation of paragraph
(munasabat al-verse). In addition to mastering the rules of the language, a
commentator ilmi should also be required to pay attention to korealasi
paragraph, whether the previous paragraph and paragraphs thereafter. It is
important, in view of the preparation of the Koran is not based on the chronology
down verse, but based on the correlation of the meaning of the verses, so the
content of the previous paragraph is always related to the content of the next
paragraph.
Third, based on the scientific fact that has been
established. As is known, as the book of revelation, the truth of the Koran
implicitly recognized. The authenticity and validity can be examined from many
perspectives, both from the perspective of history, language, unseen news, and
even from a scientific aspect though. Therefore, the alignment of the Qur'an
with scientific theories are not well established, of course unacceptable. And,
when carefully considered, in fact juxtaposing verses of the Koran that has the
absolute truth with scientific findings truth is relative, is one of the main
reasons that the group rejected the application ilmi interpretation of the
Koran.
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